Civic Engagement

Background

Today, more than ever, citizens demand greater transparency from their governments. Information on the who, why and how of decision making is essential to hold government to account, maintain confidence in public institutions and support a level playing field for business. Greater transparency is not only key to upholding integrity in the public sector; it also contributes to better governance. Indeed, openness and transparency can ultimately improve public services by minimising the risk of fraud, corruption and mismanagement of public funds.

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. Across OECD countries, 56% of citizens say they trust their political institutions.

Voter Turnout

High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. Voter turnout is defined as the percentage of the registered population that voted during an election. High voter turnout is desirable in a democracy because it increases the chance that the political system reflects the will of a large number of individuals, and that the government enjoys a high degree of legitimacy.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation, not everyone exercises this right. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout averaged 72% in OECD countries. Research has shown that more educated people are more likely to vote than less educated ones, and that older people are more likely to vote than younger ones. There is little difference in the voting rate between men and women in most OECD countries, although in France, Ireland, Poland and Switzerland, men outvote women by more than 5 percentage points, while women outvote men by approximately 6 percentage points in Estonia and the United Kingdom. In Russia, women outvote men by nearly 8 percentage points. How well-off you are also affects how likely you are to vote. Voter turnout generally increases with individual income and on average there is an 11 percentage point estimated difference between the top 20% of the population and the bottom 20%. This gap reaches 29 percentage points in Korea and 25 percentage points in Poland. However, in Chile, the bottom 20% are more likely to vote than the top 20%, but by a very small margin, suggesting there is broad social inclusion in their democratic institutions.

Voter participation is the best existing means of measuring civic and political engagement for several reasons (high quality data, broad cross-country comparability). However, this measure is far from ideal, in particular because of institutional differences in electoral systems. While voter turnout is indeed compulsory (and strongly enforced) in several countries, it is nevertheless a useful measure of citizen engagement.

In the context of the Better Life Index, voter turnout measures how civic engagement contributes to the well-being of people and society. From this perspective, high voter turnout reflects the will of a very large number of individuals (irrespective of what actually drives high participation).

Consultation on Rule-making

Transparency in communication and open access to regulations promotes government accountability, a business-friendly environment and public trust in government institutions. Indeed, a country’s regulations contain much information about how a society is organised, the rules of the game and the political decisions taken. If citizens can readily access and understand regulations, it is more likely that they will participate in the legislative process and comply with the rules.

The Consultation on Rule-making indicator describes the extent to which formal consultation processes are built-in to the regulatory law-making process.  The indicator is based on a composite index comprised of various information on the openness and transparency of the consultation process.  It refers to the existence of institutional practices but does not, however, gauge whether these procedures are in fact effective.

Top Ranking

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Civic Engagement in Detail by Country

Australia

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Australia, 71% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56% and one of the highest rates in the OECD. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Australia was 93% of those registered; this figure is the highest in the OECD area where average voter turnout is 72%.

While voter turnout is indeed compulsory (and strongly enforced) in Australia, it is nevertheless a useful measure of citizen engagement. In the context of the Better Life Index, voter turnout measures how civic engagement contributes to the well-being of people and society. From this perspective, the Australian political system performs well in the sense that it reflects the will of a very large number of individuals (irrespective of what drives high participation).

There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Australia, where voter turnout is nearly the same for men and women. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Australia, because voter turnout is compulsory, participation is high across all income groups. Voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 94%, slightly above the estimated 92% participation rate of the bottom 20%. This 2 percentage point difference, much lower than the OECD average difference of 11 percentage points, suggests there is broad social inclusion in Australia’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Australia can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

A “Declaration of Open Government”  

Australia is committed to more open government, built around three key principles: strengthening access to information, collaborating with citizens on policy and service delivery and making government more consultative and participative. This includes making more use of Internet to engage with the public and being proactive in sharing information.

Public consultation in decision-making is an essential part of the open government process. Thus, the National Compact, which aims to strengthen the working relationship between the federal government and the not-for-profit sector, was developed following extensive consultations between the government and the sector.

 

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Austria

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Austria, 61% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Austria was 82% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Austria, where voter turnout is similar between men and women at respectively 84% and 80%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Austria, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 90%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 79%. This 11 percentage point difference is slightly lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Austria can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Strengthening public involvement in decision-making

The Austrian government believes that effective public involvement in decision-making needs to be underpinned by being well-organised, and has developed Standards of Public Participation to help public servants conduct high-quality participation processes.

NGOS and other stakeholders were involved in drawing up the standards, which include elements such as: making information available, fostering open and inclusive policy making, fostering integrity and transparency and improving service delivery. In addition, two e-government applications have been created to facilitate public participation, one for public employees and one for citizens.

In order to mobilize citizens, businesses and civil society, there have been several public-private dialogues on reform concerning important issues like education or science involving different civil society organisations.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Belgium

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Belgium, 46% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process.  In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Belgium was 89% of those registered. This figure is one of the highest in the OECD area, where average turnout is 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Belgium, where voter turnout is similar between men and women, at respectively 91% and 88%.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Belgium can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Citizen consultation for better policy implementation

In Belgium, public consultations regarding particular policy proposals have become increasingly common. Both Flanders and Wallonia have launched initiatives to strengthen citizen participation.

The Flemish practice of policy making traditionally comprises a lot of consultation. The creation of new strategic advisory councils has further formalised this approach. These councils, which include academic experts, civil society stakeholder groups and private sector organizations, formulate advice on policy proposals and draft legislation. This is a transparent way to address their concerns regarding policy initiatives and proposals.

In Wallonia relevant initiatives include roundtables with companies to discuss ways to cut red tape for business. Another notable initiative is the Ensemble Simplifions (“Let’s Simplify Together”) Plan, dedicated to cutting red tape across the board. The public were consulted in the design of the plan, and during its implementation, particularly through a special website www.ensemblesimplifions.be.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Brazil

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Brazil, 44% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Brazil was 78% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Brazil, where the voter turnout of men and women is nearly the same. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Brazil, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 81%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 80%. This 1 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Brazil’s democratic institutions. 

Better Policies for Better Lives

Mobilising citizens, businesses and civil society 

The Brazilian government believes that by involving citizens in decision-making they become co-responsible for policy development. This allows for much-needed social debate about public policies and public service delivery. Between 2003 and 2009, the Brazilian federal government organised 60 national and international conferences on a wide range of public policy areas, gathering 4 million people from the public sector, voluntary sector and citizens, and bringing society closer to the production of public services.

The Economic and Social Development Council is another good example of government efforts to engage citizens in discussing public policies. The Council was created in 2003 to discuss development issues between the government and society and includes workers, businesses, social movements and specialists in particular areas of knowledge.

Furthermore, a national network for improving public management and cutting red tape has been very active in discussing reforms. The network involves civil servants, businesses, NGOs, academia, students and citizens in general.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Canada

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Canada, 67% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Canada was 61% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Canada, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar at respectively 61% and 62%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Canada, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 63%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 60%. This 3 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Canada’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Canada can file a request for information either in writing or in person, but not yet online or by telephone. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Innovative ways to involve citizens

The Canadian government is committed to finding new and innovative ways to consult with and engage citizens. The Consulting with Canadians website (www.consultingcanadians.gc.ca) provides single-window access to a list of consultations from federal departments and agencies. Citizens may view current consultations and find out how to participate. One key area is the regulatory process, where federal departments and agencies must show that Canadians have been consulted and have had an opportunity to participate in developing or modifying regulations.

Canada has also mobilised citizens and the private sector to seek advice on maintaining its long-term economic growth and prosperity, through the Cross Canada Roundtable series. Experts from the private sector, business, academia, and non-government organisations provide valuable guidance on key issues. The roundtables are an important effort to actively engage citizens in finding solutions for deficit reduction, increased economic growth and other policy concerns.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Chile

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Chile, 51% of people say they trust their political institutions, slightly less than the OECD average of 56%.  High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Chile was 88% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Chile, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 87% and 89%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Chile, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 90%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 92%. This 2 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Chile’s democratic institutions. Furthermore, Chile is the only country where the bottom 20% are more likely to vote than the top 20%.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Chile can file a request for information either in writing, in person or online, but not yet by telephone. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Czech Republic

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the Czech Republic, 44% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the Czech Republic was 63% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in the Czech Republic, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 62% and 63%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In the Czech Republic, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 72%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 52%. This 20 percentage point difference is higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of the worst-off. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the Czech Republic can file a request for information either in writing or online, but not yet by telephone or in person. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Denmark

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Denmark, 75% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56% and one of the highest rates in the OECD. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Denmark was 88% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Denmark, where the voter turnout of men and women is the same. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Denmark, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 90%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 86%. This 4 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Denmark’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Denmark can file a request for information either in writing, in person or by telephone – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Estonia

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Estonia, 42% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Estonia was 64% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Estonia, however, women outvote men by 6 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Estonia, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 68%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 56%. This 12 percentage point difference is in line with the OECD average difference.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Estonia can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are even provisions for anonymity – an important protection that few OECD countries have adopted. There is not yet, however, built-in protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Boosting effective citizen involvement 

Effective citizen consultation is critical to gaining society’s agreement as to how Estonia’s growing wealth should be used. The Estonian Constitution, government rules and rules for drafting laws include elements of participatory democracy. Promising initiatives include the creation of www.osale.ee, where individuals and NGOs can publicly give their opinion about draft legislation. The website has over 3 000 registered users ranging from individual citizens to representatives of professional organisations and civil society organisations.

The government is also paying special attention to training civil servants on engaging civil society organisations and the public in policy making. Courses are based on citizen engagement principles and participatory practices and include stakeholders and civil society organisations.

Examples of public participation in action include Kambja, in south-eastern Estonia, where ZZ Youth, a local civil society organisation has been entrusted by the local government to plan and manage the services of the Open Youth Centre. This experience shows how partnerships with non-government actors can help respond to a community need which could not have been met by local government acting alone due to limited resources.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Finland

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Finland, 82% of people say they trust their political institutions, the highest rate in the OECD area, where the average is 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Finland was 69% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Finland, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 70% and 68%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Finland, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 74%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 61%. This 13 percentage point difference is slightly higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Finland can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are also provisions for anonymity and built-in protection from retaliation – important protections that few OECD countries have adopted. As a result, Finland has one of the most accessible freedom of information policies in the OECD area.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

France

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In France, 59% of people say they trust their political institutions, slightly more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in France was 80% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In France, however, men outvote women by more than 9 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In France, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 89%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 79%. This 10 percentage point difference is slightly lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in France’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. French citizens can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Germany

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Germany, 53% of people say they trust their political institutions, close to the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Germany was 71% of those registered. This figure is slightly lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Germany, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 72% and 70%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Germany, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 80%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 59%. This 21 percentage point difference is larger than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of the worst-off. 

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Greece

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Greece, 44% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Greece was 62% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

 

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Greece, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 62% and 63%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Greece, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 70%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 57%. This 13 percentage point difference is slightly higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points. 

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Hungary

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Hungary, only 40% of people say they trust their political institutions, one of the lowest rates in the OECD area, where the average is 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Hungary was 47% of those registered, the lowest figure in the OECD, where average turnout is 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Hungary, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 47% and 46%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Hungary, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 53%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 39%. This 14 percentage point difference is slightly higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Hungary can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are even provisions for anonymity – an important protection that few OECD countries have adopted. There is not yet, however, built-in protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Iceland

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Iceland, 50% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Iceland was 85% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Iceland, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 85% and 86%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Iceland, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 88%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 77%. This 11 percentage point difference is slightly lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, which suggests there is broad social inclusion in Iceland’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Iceland can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Consultation and consensus to rebuild public trust

The Icelandic government has made it clear that openness and transparency are key factors in rebuilding trust in government following the economic collapse in 2008. The preparation of legislation, for example, is being made more transparent. Ministries increasingly invite the public to comment on draft bills before they are introduced to parliament.

A strong example of public consultation is the economic and social development strategy “Moving Iceland Forward 2020”, developed by the government in co-operation with social partners after broad citizen mobilisation. National meetings were held in eight regions. During these one-day meetings politicians and members of civil society engaged in discussions with the general public about the competitiveness of each region. At the same time expert groups were formed to discuss the topic.

This consultation process has resulted in a proposed strategy which should form the basis for coordinating government policies and civil service reforms in the coming years.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Ireland

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Ireland, 59% of people say they trust their political institutions, slightly more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Ireland was 70% of those registered. This figure is slightly lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Ireland, however, men outvote women by nearly 6 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Ireland, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 69%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 67%. This 2 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Ireland’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. Irish citizens can file a request for information either in writing or in person, but not yet online or by telephone. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Integrating all citizens in national public service reform 

Reaching out to citizens is a key factor of success in the Irish government’s overhaul of the public service. It is using a range of methods and tools to foster customer/citizen involvement. These include customer surveys, formal public consultation processes on specific issues, and the use of customer/user focus groups. The public service reform followed a review by the OECD. As part of this review, the OECD met with a large number of key stakeholders at political and administrative levels as well as social partners and academics. A major public consultation process was also undertaken.

An interesting dimension of this reform is the special effort to encourage the participation of socially excluded groups. This follows on a National Social Partnership Agreement, which developed strategic plans on how to serve marginalized groups such as Roma. The accent is now placed on an active social development approach and integration, going beyond simply defending equality. 

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Israel

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Israel, 53% of people say they trust their political institutions, slightly less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Israel was 65% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Israel, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 64% and 67%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Israel, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 71%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 63%. This 8 percentage point difference is lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Israel’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Israel can file a request for information either in writing or online, but not yet by telephone or in person. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Italy

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Italy, 49% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Italy was 81% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Italy, however, men outvote women by nearly 5 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Italy, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 91%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 78%. This 13 percentage point difference is slightly larger than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Italy can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Japan

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Japan, 53% of people say they trust their political institutions, close to the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Japan was 69% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Japan, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 70% and 69%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Japan, however the difference is small as voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 69%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 68%. This 1 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Japan’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Japan can only file a request for information in writing – not yet online, in person or by telephone. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Korea

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Korea, only 41% of people say they trust their political institutions, one of the lowest rates in the OECD area, where the average is 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Korea was 76% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Korea, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 78% and 74%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Korea, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is estimated at close to 100%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 71%. This 29 percentage point difference is much higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of those of lower socio-economic status.  

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Korea can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Luxembourg

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Luxembourg 73% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56% and one of the highest rates in the OECD area. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Luxembourg was 91% of those registered. This figure is one of the highest in the OECD, where average turnout is 72%.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) – also referred to as access to information laws – are one of these fundamental pillars of open government. Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. Luxembourg is currently drafting a law on access to information.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Mexico

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Mexico, only 38% of people say they trust their political institutions, much less than the OECD average of 56% and the lowest rate in the OECD area. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Mexico was 63% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Mexico, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 65% and 61%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Mexico, however the difference is small as voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 63%, compared with an estimated 61% for the bottom 20%. This 2 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Mexico’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Mexico can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. Mexico is one of six OECD countries to protect individuals from any possible retaliation, but does not allow for anonymous requests.

Despite substantial progress, problems with the rule of law remain Mexico’s greatest obstacle to growth. Using a comparison of Mexico with the ten fastest growing countries shows the rule of law weakening between 1996 and 2007 in both absolute and relative terms. The enforceability of contracts, in particular, is weak.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Netherlands

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the Netherlands 72% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56% and one of the highest rates in the OECD area. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the Netherlands was 75% of those registered. This figure is slightly higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in the Netherlands, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 74% and 77%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In the Netherlands, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 85%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 65%. This 20 percentage point difference is much higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of those of lower socio-economic status.  

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the Netherlands can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. The Netherlands is one of six OECD countries to protect individuals from any possible retaliation, but does not allow for anonymous requests.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

New Zealand

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In New-Zealand, 67% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in New Zealand was 74% of those registered. This figure is slightly higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in New Zealand, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 75% and 73%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In New Zealand, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 81%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 75%. This 6 percentage point difference is lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and suggests there is broad social inclusion in New Zealand’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in New Zealand can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Norway

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Norway, 68% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Norway was 76% of those registered. This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Norway, where the voter turnout of men and women is nearly the same. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Norway, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 83%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 70%. This 13 percentage point difference is slightly higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Norway can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are even provisions for anonymity – an important protection that few OECD countries have adopted. There is not yet, however, built-in protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Poland

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Poland, 56% of people say they trust their political institutions, in line with the OECD average. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Poland was 55% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72% and one of the lowest rates in the OECD area.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Poland, however, men outvote women by nearly 5 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Poland, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 68%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 43%. This 25 percentage point difference is much higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points, and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of those of lower socio-economic status.  

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Poland can file a request for information either in writing or in person, but not yet online or by telephone. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Strengthening civil society

Poland is committed to strengthening civil society and citizen involvement in decision-making, and one of its key objectives is to open its public administration to external experience and public debate.

At local level, the Polish authorities are studying the extent and operation of lobbying so that they can promote decent lobbying standards, make the decision-making process more open and improve efficiency of systems for consultation and co-operation with social partners in developing and implementing public policy and regulations.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Portugal

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Portugal, 43% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Portugal was 58% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Portugal, where the voter turnout of men and women is nearly the same. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Portugal, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 63% whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 56%. This 7 percentage point difference is lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Portugal’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Portugal can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Russian Federation

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the Russian Federation, 44% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Russia was 65% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Russia, however, women outvote men by nearly 8 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Russia, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 70%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 66%. This 4 percentage point difference is much lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Russia’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Russia can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. The Russian Federation is one of the few countries to have adopted provisions for protection from retaliation, but does not allow for anonymous requests.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Slovak Republic

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the Slovak Republic, 43% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the Slovak Republic was 59% of those registered. This figure is much lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in the Slovak Republic, where the voter turnout of men and women is nearly the same. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In the Slovak Republic, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 64%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 60%. This 4 percentage point difference is lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in the Slovak Republic’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the Slovak Republic can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. The Slovak Republic is one of six OECD countries to protect individuals from any possible retaliation, but does not allow for anonymous requests.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Slovenia

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration.  In Slovenia, 51% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Slovenia was 66% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Slovenia, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 66% and 65%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Slovenia, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 75%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 62%. This 13 percentage point difference is slightly larger than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Slovenia can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. Slovenia is one of seven OECD countries to allow anonymous requests, but does not have built-in protections to shield individuals from possible retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

New web tools to strengthen citizen participation   

Slovenia increasingly recognizes citizen participation in the decision-making process as a core element of good governance. The government is committed to involving the public in preparing legislation

The Draft Law on Volunteering is an example of good practice in citizen involvement. Government and NGO representatives were members of the working group set up to draft the law, which was then put up for debate and public discussion. All comments and suggestions were then analysed by the working group before a revised text was submitted for consideration and adoption by the government.

The government is also using new technology tools to enhance citizen involvement. A special web tool invites people to make comments or suggest changes to rules or systems. Proposals are publicly debated and voted on by registered users of the website. If they generate enough support, the competent government body has to consider them and respond publicly within 30 days. The response is subject to further discussion on the web portal.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Spain

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Spain, 50% of people say they trust their political institutions, less than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Spain was 69% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Spain, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar, at respectively 70% and 68%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Spain, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 76%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 66%. This 10 percentage point difference is smaller than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Spain’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Spain can file a request for information either in writing or online – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Sweden

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Sweden, 65% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Sweden was 85% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Sweden, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar at respectively 83% and 87%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Sweden, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 89%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 83%. This 6 percentage point difference is lower than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Sweden’s democratic institutions.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Sweden can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are also provisions for anonymity and built-in protection from retaliation –important protections that few OECD countries have adopted. As a result, Sweden has one of the most accessible freedom of information policies in the OECD.

Better Policies for Better Lives

Strengthening consultation with the business community

Sweden attaches considerable importance to the principle of transparency, with roots going back to the eighteenth century. Transparency is enshrined at the highest level, in two of the four fundamental laws making up the constitution.

Public consultation is a routine part of developing draft laws. Committees of Inquiry for example are set up for the development of major policies and legislation. These committees are required to consult widely and considerable information about their work is made public. The Swedish government has also strengthened consultation with the business community since a 2007 OECD recommendation on this topic. For example, several ministries have established working groups with business representatives to identify areas of particular concern.

The consultation system often involves formal groups, and it has been suggested that ordinary citizens can be left out of the loop. The OECD thus encourages the use of new approaches, such as Internet consultations, to reach out to a broad audience.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Switzerland

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Switzerland, 71% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56% and one of the highest rates in the OECD. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Switzerland was 49% of those registered. This figure is one of the lowest rates in the OECD, where average turnout is 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In Switzerland, however, men outvote women by nearly 16 percentage points. This difference suggests there is a gap in how men and women perceive the functioning of democratic institutions in Switzerland. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Switzerland, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 61%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 43%. This 18 percentage point difference is higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests that broader social inclusion could be achieved.

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Switzerland can file a request for information either in writing, online, by telephone or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There are even provisions for anonymity – an important protection that few OECD countries have adopted. There is not yet, however, built-in protection from retaliation.

Better Policies for Better Lives

E-government to broaden an already strong participative culture

Switzerland can be considered a ‘citizens’ democracy with real co-decision powers and a deeply-rooted involvement of a broad range of actors in the political decision-making process. Anyone can introduce or change a law by gaining 100 000 signatures of support, after which their proposal would go to a referendum. Public acceptance of major federal proposals can also be measured through the consultation process, which takes place during the preliminary legislative steps and is highly institutionalised.

The government is now looking at electronic alternatives (e-initiatives, e-participation) to make it easier for people to access services, cut red tape and speed up the administrative process. The Swiss e-government strategy sets common objectives for the central, state and local governments. E-voting is already a priority project, with pilot projects under way.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

Turkey

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In Turkey, 57% of people say they trust their political institutions, close to the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in Turkey was 88% of those registered. This figure is much higher than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. This is the case in Turkey, where the voter turnout of men and women is similar at respectively 87% and 88%. While on average there are few differences between men and women concerning participation in elections, income can have a strong influence on voter turnout. In Turkey, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 89%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 84%. This 5 percentage point difference is smaller than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and suggests there is broad social inclusion in Turkey’s democratic institutions. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in Turkey can file a request for information either in writing, online, or in person – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. However, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

United Kingdom

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the United Kingdom, 65% of people say they trust their political institutions, more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the United Kingdom was 66% of those registered. This figure is lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In the United Kingdom, however, women outvote men by nearly 7 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In the United Kingdom, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 73%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 50%. This 23 percentage point difference is much higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of the worst-off. 

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account, maintain confidence in public institutions and support a level playing field for business.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the United Kingdom can file a request for information either in writing or online, but not yet by telephone or in person. In addition, there are no provisions for anonymity or protection from retaliation.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.

United States

more

Key Findings

A cohesive society is one where citizens have a high degree of confidence in their governmental institutions and public administration. In the United States, 58% of people say they trust their political institutions, slightly more than the OECD average of 56%. High voter turnout is another measure of public trust in government and of citizens’ participation in the political process. In the most recent elections for which data is available, voter turnout in the United States was 70% of those registered. This figure is slightly lower than the OECD average of 72%.

Even if the right to vote is universal in all OECD countries, not everyone exercises this right. There is little difference in the voting rates of men and women in most OECD countries. In the United States, however, women outvote men by nearly 5 percentage points. Income can also have a strong influence on voter turnout. In the United States, voter turnout for the top 20% of the population is an estimated 79%, whereas the participation rate of the bottom 20% is an estimated 56%. This 23 percentage point difference is much higher than the OECD average difference of 12 percentage points and points to shortcomings in the political mobilisation of the worst-off.  

Ensuring that government decision making is not compromised by conflicts of interest is key to maintaining trust in government. Transparency is therefore essential to hold government to account and to maintain confidence in public institutions.

Freedom of information laws (FOI) allow the possibility for individuals to access undisclosed information. For such policies to be successful, the public should have a clear understanding of their rights under the law, should be able to file requests with ease and should be protected against any possible retaliation. People in the United States can file a request for information either in writing or online – thus greatly facilitating the FOI process. There is even built-in protection from retaliation – an important protection that few OECD countries have adopted. There is not yet, however, a provision for anonymity.

Indicators

Please activate Javascript to experience the interactive bar charts.